News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third-party or mass audience.

Etymology

One theory claims that the English word "news" developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of "new". In Middle English, the equivalent word was ''newes'', like the French ''nouvelles'' and the German ''neues''. Similar developments are found in the Slavic languages – the Czech and Slovak ''noviny'' (from ''nový'', "new"), the cognate Polish ''nowiny'' and Russian ''novosti'' – and in the Celtic languages: the Welsh ''newyddion'' (from ''newydd'') and the Cornish ''nowodhow'' (from ''nowydh'').

History

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins and edicts were circulated at times in some centralized empires.

The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure.

In Ancient Rome, ''Acta Diurna'', or government announcement bulletins, were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the ''Kaiyuan Za Bao'' ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.

In Early modern Europe, increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly ''Notizie scritte'', which cost one gazetta. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) — sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. Due to low literacy rates, news was at times disseminated by town criers.

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, from 1605, is recognized as the world's first newspaper.

The oldest news agency is the Agence France-Presse (AFP). It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas.

In modern times, printed news had to be phoned in to a newsroom or brought there by a reporter, where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or edited and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the term "breaking news" has become trite as commercial broadcasting United States cable news services that are available 24-hours a day use live satellite technology to bring current events into consumers' homes as the event occurs. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via radio, television, mobile phone, and the Internet.

Newspapers

Most large cities in the United States historically had morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near over-saturation, most afternoon newspapers were shut down. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves. Commonly, news content should contain the "Five Ws" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally place hard news stories on the first pages, so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as BBC News, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.

News organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view. The result is a laying out of facts in a sterile, noncommittal manner, and then standing back to "let the reader decide" which view is true. Several governments impose certain constraints or police news organizations against bias. In the United Kingdom, for example, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views.

Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalists may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression. Because each individual has a particular point of view, it is recognized that there can be no absolute objectivity in news reporting.

Newsworthiness

Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.

In some countries and at some points in history, what news media and the public have considered "newsworthy" has met different definitions, such as the notion of news values. For example, mid-twentieth-century news reporting in the United States focused on political and local issues with important socio-economic impacts, such as the landing of a living person on the moon or the cold war. More recently, the focus similarly remains on political and local issues; however, the news mass media now comes under criticism for over-emphasis on "non-news" and "gossip" such as celebrities' personal social issues, local issues of little merit, as well as biased sensationalism of political topics such as terrorism and the economy. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture, and the advent of citizen journalism may suggest that the nature of ‘news’ and news values are evolving and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant. Newsworthiness does not only depend on the topic, but also the presentation of the topic and the selection of information from that topic.

New ecology of news

“Everything we thought we once knew about journalism needs to be rethought in the Digital Age”, professor of Sociology and Communication Michael Schudson points out. Today the work of journalism can be done from anywhere and done well. It requires no more than a reporter and a laptop. In that way, journalistic authority seems to have become more individual- and less institution-based. But does the individual reporter always have to be an actual journalist? Or can journalistic work be done from anywhere and by anyone? These are questions that refers to the core of journalistic practice and the definition of “news” itself. As Schudson has given emphasis to, the answer is not easily found; “the ground journalists walk upon is shaking, and the experience for both those who work in the field and those on the outside studying it is dizzying”.

Schudson has identified the following six specific areas where the ecology of news in his opinion has changed: 1. The line between the reader and writer has blurred 2. The distinction among tweet, blog post, newspaper story, magazine article, and book has blurred 3. The line between professionals and amateurs has blurred, and a variety of “pro-am” relationships has emerged 4. The boundaries delineating for-profit, public, and non-profit media have blurred, and the cooperation across these models of financing has developed 5. Within commercial news organizations, the line between the news room and the business office has blurred 6. The line between old media and new media has blurred, practically beyond recognition

These alterations inevitably has fundamental ramifications for the contemporary ecology of news. “The boundaries of journalism, which just a few years ago seemed relatively clear, and permanent, have become less distinct, and this blurring, while potentially the foundation of progress even as it is the source of risk, has given rise to a new set of journalistic principles and practices”, Schudson puts it. It is indeed complex, but it seems to be the future.

References

Further reading

Stephens, Mitchell. "The History of News - 3rd Ed" Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.

External links

Category:Television terminology

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Narayanaswami Srinivasan is an Indian industrialist, chemical engineer, sports administrator and socialite who is the Managing-Director of the India Cements Limited. Srinivasan, who was elected as the Secretary of BCCI under Manohar in September 2008 and earlier was the treasurer of the Board under Sharad Pawar,is the Cricket Board's incumbent and 30th President.

Early life and education

Srinivasan is the son of T. S. Narayanaswami, Cofounder of India Cements. He had his education from Loyola College,Chennai and the USA and completed his post-graduation in Chemical Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Corporate career

Srinivasan took over as Vice Chairman and Managing Director of India Cements Limited in 1989 and has served for twenty-one years. Srinivasan served as the President of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry from 1996 to 1998 and is a member of the Executive Committee of Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). He has also served as the honorary Sheriff of Madras from 1989 to 1991.

Sports

Srinivasan has a keen interest in sports administration and is a good golfer. Srinivasan is the currently the President of the Tamil Nadu Golf Federation, All India Chess Federation and the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association. He was the owner of current IPL franchise team Chennai Super Kings. He was also the Secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India.He is the incumbent President of BCCI,taking over the reins from Mr.Shashank Manohar at the Cricket's Board 82nd Annual General Body Meeting on September 19,2011.He is the 30th President of BCCI and the second since the system of choosing the head one year in advance was introduced.

During Vishwanathan Anand's bid for the World Chess Championship 2010, he was accused of ignoring India's chess interests in view of his interests in cricket.

References

Category:Living people Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni

playername	Rahul Dravid
country	India
fullname	Rahul Sharad Dravid
active year	1996-2012
living	yes
nickname	The Wall, Jammy, Mr. Dependable
dayofbirth	11
monthofbirth	1
yearofbirth	1973
placeofbirth	Indore, Madhya Pradesh
countryofbirth	India
heightft	5
heightinch	11
heightm	1.7
batting	Right-handed
bowling	Right arm off spin
role	Batsman, Wicketkeeper
international	true
testdebutdate	20 June
testdebutyear	1996
testdebutagainst	England
testcap	207
lasttestdate	24 January
lasttestyear	2012
lasttestagainst	Australia
odidebutdate	3 April
odidebutyear	1996
odidebutagainst	Sri Lanka
odicap	339
lastodidate	16 September
lastodiyear	2011
lastodiagainst	England
odishirt	19
onet20i	true
t20idebutdate	31 August
t20idebutyear	2011
t20idebutagainst	England
international career	1996 - 2012
club1	Karnataka
year1	1990–present
club2	Kent
year2	2000
club3	Scotland
year3	2003
club4	Royal Challengers Bangalore
year4	2008–2010
club5	Rajasthan Royals
year5	2011–present
columns	4
column1	Test
matches1	164
runs1	13,288
bat avg1	52.31
100s/50s1	36/63
top score1	270
deliveries1	120
wickets1	1
bowl avg1	39.00
fivefor1	0
tenfor1	0
best bowling1	1/18
catches/stumpings1	210/0
column2	ODI
matches2	344
runs2	10,889
bat avg2	39.16
100s/50s2	12/83
top score2	153
deliveries2	186
wickets2	4
bowl avg2	42.50
fivefor2	0
tenfor2	0
best bowling2	2/43
catches/stumpings2	196/14
column3	FC
matches3	298
runs3	23,794
bat avg3	55.33
100s/50s3	68/117
top score3	270
deliveries3	617
wickets3	5
bowl avg3	54.60
fivefor3	0
tenfor3	0
best bowling3	2/16
catches/stumpings3	353/1
column4	LA
matches4	449
runs4	15,271
bat avg4	42.30
100s/50s4	21/112
top score4	153
deliveries4	477
wickets4	4
bowl avg4	105.25
fivefor4	0
tenfor4	0
best bowling4	2/43
catches/stumpings4	233/17
date	30 January
year	2012
source	http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/28114.html Cricinfo }}

Rahul Sharad Dravid (born 11 January 1973) is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian Test and One Day International teams. Dravid was honoured as one of the top-five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2000. Dravid was also awarded the ICC Player of the Year and the Test Player of the Year at the inaugural awards ceremony held in 2004. Dravid also holds the record of having taken the most number of catches in Test matches. On 9 March 2012, he announced his retirement from international cricket.

On 7 August 2011 after getting a surprise call to play in ODI series against England he declared his retirement from One Day Internationals and T20.

Popularly hailed as "The Wall of Indian cricket", Dravid is regarded by many to be one of the greatest batsmen in the history of the game. Dravid holds multiple cricketing records. He is only the second player, after Sachin Tendulkar, to reach 13,000 runs in Test cricket. On 14 February 2007, he became the sixth player overall and the third Indian (after Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly), to score 10,000 runs in ODI cricket in cricketing history. He is the first and only batsman to score a century in all ten Test playing nations. With more than 200 catches, Dravid currently holds the world record for the most number of catches in Test cricket. Dravid has also been involved in more than 80 century partnerships with 18 different partners and has been involved in 19 century partnerships with Sachin Tendulkar – a world record.

On 24 November 2011, He became the second international player to reach 13,000 runs in Test Cricket only after Sachin Tendulkar.

On 14 December 2011, he became the first non-Australian cricketer to address at the Bradman Oration in Canberra.

Dravid has been bowled 55 times in Test cricket, going past Allan Border's previous record of 53.

On 9 March 2012, Rahul Dravid announced his retirement from international and first class cricket. Dravid made the announcement with the BCCI president, N Srinivasan and former captain Anil Kumble at a press conference in Bangalore. He is however slated to appear in the 2012 edition of the Indian Premier League as captain of the Rajasthan Royals

Early life and family

Dravid was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. He belongs to a Maharashtrian family settled in Bangalore, Karnataka. He has a younger brother, Vijay. Dravid's father worked for Kissan, a company known for producing jams and preserves and thus he earned the nickname ''Jammy'' from his teammates at St. Joseph's Boys' High School. His mother, Pushpa, was a professor of architecture at Bangalore University. Rahul Dravid has a degree in commerce from St. Joseph's College of Commerce, Bangalore.

Dravid started playing cricket at the age of 12, and represented the state at the under-15, under-17 and under-19 level. Rahul's talents were first spotted by former cricketer Keki Tarapore who was coaching at a summer coaching camp at the Chinnaswamy Stadium. He went on to score a century on debut for his school team. Along with the batting, he was keeping wickets. However, he later stopped keeping wickets on advice from former Test players Gundappa Vishwanath, Roger Binny, Brijesh Patel and Tarapore.

He was selected to make his Ranji Trophy debut in February 1991 against Maharashtra in Pune (while still attending college at St. Joseph's College of Commerce in Bangalore), alongside future Indian teammates Anil Kumble and Javagal Srinath, scoring 82 in a drawn match after batting in the No. 7 position. His first full season was in 1991–92, when he scored two centuries to finish with 380 runs at an average of 63.3, and was selected for South Zone in the Duleep Trophy.

On 4 May 2003, he married Vijeta Pendharkar, a surgeon from Nagpur. They have two children, Samit (born 2005) and Anvay (born 2009).

Cricketing career

1995–98: Beginning

Dravid had a disappointing start to his career making his debut in one-dayers against Sri Lankan cricket team in the Singer Cup in Singapore immediately after World Cup in March 1996, replacing Vinod Kambli. Subsequently, he was dropped from the team, until he was picked again for the tour of England.

He then made his debut in the Second Test against England along with Sourav Ganguly,when Sanjay Manjrekar got injured after the first Test match on that tour.

Dravid scored 95 and held his position on Manjrekar's return for the Third Test, scoring 84. After moderate performance in home series against Australia and South Africa, Dravid broke through on the 1996–97 tour of South Africa. He batted at No. 3 in the third Test in Johannesburg, scoring his maiden century with 148 and 81, the top score in each innings to claim his first man of the match award. He made his first half-century against Pakistan in the Sahara Cup in 1996, scoring 90 in his 10th ODI.

In the 18 months ending in mid-1998, he played in an away series against the West Indies, home and away series against Sri Lanka and a home series against Australia, he scored consistently, with 964 runs at an average of 56.7. He scored eleven half-centuries but was unable to convert them to triple figures . He scored his second century in late 1998 against Zimbabwe in a one-off Test match, top-scoring in both innings with 148 and 44, but was unable to prevent an Indian defeat . He became the third Indian batsman after Vijay Hazare and Sunil Gavaskar to score centuries in both innings of a match during the 1999 New Year's Test match against New Zealand with 190 and 103* to force a draw. He had a moderate season in the subcontinent in early 1999, scoring 269 runs at an average of 38.42 with one century before scoring 239 at an average of 39.8 including a century against New Zealand in late 1999. This was followed by a poor away series against Australia and another poor home series against South Africa, accumulating just 187 runs at an average of 18.7. He then scored 200*, his first double century, against Zimbabwe in Delhi, which along with 70* in the second innings helped India to victory. It was the first time he had passed 50 in 12 months and he followed this with a 162 in the following Test, giving him 432 runs in the two match series at an average of 432 .

1999: World Cup success

Dravid was top scorer in the 7th World Cup (1999), scoring 461 runs. He is the only Indian to score two back to back centuries at the World Cup. He scored 110 vs Kenya and followed it with a masterly 145 against Sri Lanka in Taunton, in a match where he kept wickets. He was vice captain during 2003 World cup where India reached the final, serving his team in the dual capacity of a batsman and wicket keeper to accommodate an additional batsman, a move that paid huge dividends for India. Dravid was the captain during the 2007 cricket world cup in West Indies, where Indian cricket team had a dismal campaign.

Post 2000

In the second test of a three match test series against Australia at Kolkata in 2001, Dravid joined hands with VVS Laxman to produce one of the greatest comeback victories in the history of the game. Following on, the pair put on 376 runs for the fifth wicket in the second innings of the match. Dravid scored 180 while Laxman made 281. Though Dravid ended up second-best, it remains one of his greatest performances till date. Later that year in Port Elizabeth against South Africa, he made a crucial match-saving 87 runs in the second innings to deny South Africa the win.

2002 was the year, when Dravid started to emerge out of Tendulkar's shadow and established himself as India's premier Test batsman. In the month of April, at Georgetown, West Indies in first test match of the series, he scored an unbeaten 144 in the first innings after being hit by a Mervyn Dillon delivery. Later that year, he raked up four consecutive centuries against England (3) and West Indies (1). In August 2002, against England at Headingley Stadium, Leeds in the third test match of the series, he scored a 148 in the first innings on a seamer-friendly pitch to set up a famous Indian win. He won the man of the match award for this performance. Dravid's astonishing aggregate of 602 runs in the four match test series against England also fetched him the man of the series award.

In 2003–2004 season, Dravid scored three double centuries, one each against New Zealand, Australia and Pakistan. Against Australia at Adelaide in second match of the four match series, the batting pair of Dravid and VVS Laxman proved to be Australia's nemesis again. In the first innings, India were looking down the barrel at 4 wickets down for 85 runs in reply to Australia's massive 556 when the duo joined hands. By the time their partnership was broken, the pair had put on 303 runs. Laxman was dismissed for 148 while Dravid went on make 233. At that time, this was the highest individual score by an Indian batsman overseas. By the time Dravid was done, India was only 33 short of Australia's first innings score. Dravid followed this with an unbeaten 72 under immense pressure in the second innings to set up a famous victory. Dravid scored 619 runs in that four-match series against Australia at an average of 103.16 and won the man of the series award. During the later part of the season, Dravid, in Ganguly's absence, led India to its first test victory over Pakistan in Pakistan in the first test match at Multan. In the third and the final match of the series At Rawalpindi, Dravid stroked a masterly 270 to take India to a historic test series win over Pakistan. Dravid was the India's lifesaver in the disastrous tour of England in 2011, which costed India the top rankings in test cricket which they lost 4-0. However, only Dravid stood up and hit up 3 watchful centuries as India tumbled.

Retirement

Rahul Dravid had been dropped from the ODI team in 2009 until he was included in the team in 2011 for a ODI series in England. The decision surprised many, including Dravid himself. Though Dravid had not officially retired from ODI cricket, he accepted that he dint expect to be recalled. After being selected, Dravid announced that the series would be his last ODI appearance. Rahul Dravid played his last ODI innings against England at Sophia Gardens, Cardiff on Friday, 16 September 2011. He scored a crucial 69 runs from 79 balls before eventually being bowled by Graeme Swann. He had the distinction of playing his last limited overs international match on his debut match in a T20I. He announced his retirement before playing his first T20I match.

After the tour of Australia in 2011-12, Rahul Dravid announced his retirement from test and domestic cricket on 9 March 2012, although he will be leading Rajasthan Royals in the 2012 Indian Premier League. Dravid was the second highest run scorer and player with the highest number of catches in test cricket at the time of his retirement.

Playing style

With a strong technique, he has been the backbone for the Indian cricket team. Beginning with the reputation of being a defensive batsman who should be confined to Test cricket, he was dropped from ODIs as he was slow in making runs. However, in a period of his career he began consistently scoring runs in ODIs as well, earning him the award of ICC player of the year. His nickname of 'The Wall' in Reebok advertisements has now become a tribute to his consistency. Dravid has scored 36 centuries in Test cricket at an average of 53.19, including 5 double centuries. In one-dayers too he has an impressive average of 39.49, although at a strike rate of 71.22. He is one of the few Indians who average more at away Test matches than at home, averaging about 5 more runs a match abroad than on Indian pitches. As of 23 September 2010, Dravid's average in overseas Tests stood at 55.53 as against his home Test average of 50.76, and his average for away ODI stands at 37.93 as against home ODI average of 43.11. In matches that India has won, Dravid averages 66.34 in Tests and 50.69 in ODIs.

Dravid's sole Test wicket was that of Ridley Jacobs in the fourth Test against the West Indies during the 2001–2002 series. While he has no pretensions to being a bowler, Dravid often kept wicket for India in ODIs. He has since delegated the wicket-keeping gloves, first to Parthiv Patel and more recently to Mahendra Singh Dhoni. Dravid is now purely a batsman, one who has averaged 63.51 in matches played since 1 January 2000.

Dravid was involved in two of the largest partnerships in ODIs: a 318-run partnership with Sourav Ganguly, the first pair to combine for a 300-run partnership, and then a 331-run partnership with Sachin Tendulkar, which is the present world record. He also holds the record for the greatest number of innings since debut before being dismissed for a duck. His highest scores in ODIs and Tests are 153 and 270 respectively. Uniquely, each of his five double centuries in Tests was a higher score than his previous double century (200*, 217, 222, 233, 270).

Also, Dravid is the current world record holder for the highest percentage(%) contribution of runs scored in matches won under a single captain, where the captain has won more than 20 Tests. In the 21 Test matches India won under Sourav Ganguly's leadership, Dravid played his part in every single one of those wins, scoring at a record average of 102.84 and piling up an astonishing 2571 runs, with nine hundreds – three of them double-centuries – and ten fifties in 32 innings. He contributed nearly 23% of the total runs scored by India those 21 matches, which is almost one run out of every four runs the team scored.

He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year 2000. Though primarily a defensive batsman,Dravid has scored 50 not out in 22 balls(Strike Rate-227.27)vs NewZealand in Hydrabad on 15 Nov 2003,second fastest 50 among Indians.Only Ajit Agarkar 67 of 21 balls is faster than Dravid.

In 2004, Dravid was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India. On 7 September 2004, he was awarded the inaugural Player of the year award and the Test player of the year by the International Cricket Council, ICC (associated image below). On 18 March 2006, Dravid played his 100th Test against England in Mumbai.

In 2006, it was announced that he would remain captain of the Indian team up to the 2007 World Cup in the West Indies.

After the England Series however, he stepped down as captain of India due to personal reasons. Mahendra Singh Dhoni took over as ODI captain. Anil Kumble replaced him in test matches.

In 2007, he was dropped from the Indian ODI Squad following poor series against Australia. Dravid went back to play for Karnataka in the Ranji Trophy, scoring 218 against Mumbai.

In 2008, he made 93 in the first innings of the Perth test, the highest score of the match, to help India win and make the series 1–2. However, he was ignored by selectors for the subsequent one-day tri-series.

After a barren run in Test matches in 2008, Dravid came under increasing media pressure to retire or be dropped. In the Second Test against England in Mohali, he scored 136, putting on a triple-century stand with Gautam Gambhir.

After reaching 10,000 test runs milestone, he was quoted saying, "It's a proud moment for sure. For me, growing up, I dreamt of playing for India. When I look back, I probably exceeded my expectations with what I have done over the last 10 to 12 years. I never had an ambition to do it because I never believed – it is just a reflection of my longevity in the game."

Dravid is also one of the two batsmen to score 10,000 runs at a single batting position and is now the second highest run getter in Test Cricket next to Sachin Tendulkar.

Praises and Accolades

In 1999,Glenn McGrath is believed to have been said if there was one Indian player who would get an automatic entry into an Australian team filled with stars, it would be Rahul Dravid.

Facts

Rahul Dravid is the first batsmen who has registered a score of century in all test playing nations.

He has played 93 consecutive five day test matches for India

The first player to score 10000-run at No.3 position

Rahul Dravid has a record of most number of catches in Test Cricket. His highest knock of 270 runs is the longest innings played by an Indian batsmen in terms of minutes.

He holds a record for not being dismissed on a duck for 120 innings consecutive one-day matches.

He is only the second non-English cricketer to have hit 3 or more centuries in a two different test series in England, the other being Donald Bradman.

Teams

International

India

ACC Asian XI

ICC World XI

MCC

Indian first-class

Karnataka

South Zone

Indian Premier League

Royal Challengers Bangalore

Rajasthan Royals

English county

Kent

Scotland

Controversies

Ball-tampering incident

In January 2004 Dravid was found guilty of ball tampering during an ODI with Zimbabwe. Match referee Clive Lloyd adjudged the application of an energy sweet to the ball as a deliberate offence although Dravid himself denied this was his intent. Lloyd emphasised that television footage caught Dravid putting a lozenge on the ball during the Zimbabwean innings on Tuesday night at the Gabba. According to the ICC's Code of Conduct, players are not allowed to apply substances to the ball other than sweat and saliva. Dravid was fined half of his earnings from the match.

Indian coach John Wright came out in defence of Dravid, stating that "It was an innocent mistake". Wright argued that Dravid had been trying to apply saliva to the ball when parts of a losenge he had been chewing stuck to the ball; Dravid then tried to wipe it off. ICC regulations prevented Dravid from commenting about the issue, but former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly also stated that Dravid's act was "just an accident".

Multan declaration

One of Dravid's most debated decisions was taken in March 2004, when he was standing in as captain for an injured Sourav Ganguly. The Indian first innings was declared at a point when Sachin Tendulkar was at 194 with 16 overs remaining on Day 2. Rahul Dravid has had a mixed record when leading India in Tests. India lost the Karachi Test in 2006, giving Pakistan the series 1–0. In March 2006, India lost the Mumbai Test, giving England its first Test victory in India since 1985, enabling Flintoff's men to draw the series 1–1. While the loss in Karachi could be put down to several Indian batsmen playing badly, the defeat in Mumbai was arguably the result of Dravid's decision to bowl first on a flat dry pitch which later deteriorated and ended with an Indian collapse in the run chase. Coincidentally, it was Dravid's 100th test match in which the Indians were all out for 100 runs in the second innings. He was criticised by Vijay Mallya for not picking the team with right balance after the Bangalore Royal Challengers finished seventh out of the eight teams that played in the 2008 Indian Premier League. After India failed to qualify for the Finals of the DLF Cup, Indian skipper Rahul Dravid was criticised by former all-rounder Ravi Shastri who said that he was not assertive enough and let Greg Chappell make too many decisions. When asked for a response, Dravid said that Shastri, while a 'fair critic', was 'not privy' to the internal decision-making process of the team.

Captaincy Record

Test Matches (Against Other Nations)

2 2007-2007 2006–2007 2003-2003 2004–2006 2006–2007 2005-2005 2006-2006 2003-2007

Opposition !! Span !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! Draw
	2004-2004	|	1	1	0	0
	|	2	1	0	0	1
	|	6	2	1	0	3
	|	1	0	0	0	1
	|	5	1	2	0	2
	|	3	1	2	0	0
	|	2	1	0	0	1
	|	4	1	0	0	3
Total	|	25	8	6	0	11

One Day Internationals (Against Other Nations)

1 3 1 13 2 9 1 9 16 16 3 79

Opposition !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! NR
	6	|	4	0	1
	|	2	1	0	0
	|	1	0	0	0
	|	9	4	0	0
	|	0	1	0	1
	|	5	4	0	0
	|	1	0	0	0
	|	4	5	0	0
	|	8	6	0	2
	|	8	8	0	0
	|	3	0	0	0
Total	|	42	33	0	4

Biographies

Rahul Dravid has 2 biographies written on his career: Rahul Dravid – A Biography written by Vedam Jaishankar (ISBN 978-81-7476-481-2). Publisher: UBSPD Publications. Date: January 2004 The Nice Guy Who Finished First written by Devendra Prabhudesai. Publisher: Rupa Publications. Date: November 2005

Other work

Commercial endorsements

Reebok: 1996 – ''present'' Pepsi: 1997 ''present'' Kissan: ''Unknown'' Castrol: 2001 – ''present'' Hutch: 2003 Karnataka Tourism: 2004 Max Life: 2005 – ''present'' Bank of Baroda: 2005 – ''present'' Citizen: 2006 – ''present'' Skyline Construction: 2006 – ''present'' Sansui: 2007 Gillette: 2007 – ''present'' Samsung: 2002 – 2004

Social commitments

Children's Movement for Civic Awareness (CMCA) UNICEF Supporter and AIDS Awareness Campaign

See also

List of international cricket centuries by Rahul Dravid

List of awards and achievements of Rahul Dravid

Indian national cricket captains

References

External links

CricketFundas Interview with Rahul Dravid

HindustanTimes.com Player Profile

HowSTAT! statistical profile on Rahul Dravid

PwC Batsman Rankings

Rahul Dravid-ToI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dravid

http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28114.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/556769.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/556793.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/556782.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556771.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556792.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556766.html

http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/556786.html

----

Category:Indian cricketers Category:India Test cricketers Category:India One Day International cricketers Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers Category:Indian Test captains Category:Indian cricket captains Category:Indian wicket-keepers Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year Category:Karnataka cricketers Category:South Zone cricketers Category:Kent cricketers Category:Scotland cricketers Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Category:ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Category:World XI Test cricketers Category:World Cup cricketers of India Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Category:Indian Premier League cricketers Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:People from Indore Category:People from Bangalore Category:Bangalore cricketers Category:Canterbury cricketers Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Category:International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Category:Marathi people Category:Rajasthan (Indian Premier League) cricketers

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playername	B.S. Bedi
country	India
fullname	Bishan Singh Bedi
living	true
dayofbirth	25
monthofbirth	9
yearofbirth	1946
placeofbirth	Amritsar, Punjab
countryofbirth	British India
batting	Right-handed batsman
bowling	Slow left-arm orthodox
role	Bowler, Coach
international	true
testdebutdate	31 December
testdebutyear	1966
testdebutagainst	West Indies
lasttestdate	30 August
lasttestyear	1979
lasttestagainst	England
odidebutdate	13 July
odidebutyear	1974
odidebutagainst	England
lastodidate	16 June
lastodiyear	1979
lastodiagainst	Sri Lanka
club1	Delhi
year1	1968–1981
club2	Northamptonshire
year2	1972–1977
club3	Northern Punjab
year3	1961–1967
columns	4
column1	Test
matches1	67
runs1	656
bat avg1	8.98
100s/50s1	0/1
top score1	50*
deliveries1	21364
wickets1	266
bowl avg1	28.71
fivefor1	14
tenfor1	1
best bowling1	7/98
catches/stumpings1	26/–
column2	ODI
matches2	10
runs2	31
bat avg2	6.20
100s/50s2	–/–
top score2	13
deliveries2	590
wickets2	7
bowl avg2	48.57
fivefor2	0
tenfor2	n/a
best bowling2	2/44
catches/stumpings2	4/–
column3	FC
matches3	370
runs3	3584
bat avg3	11.37
100s/50s3	0/7
top score3	61
deliveries3	90315
wickets3	1560
bowl avg3	21.69
fivefor3	106
tenfor3	20
best bowling3	7/5
catches/stumpings3	172/–
column4	List A
matches4	72
runs4	218
bat avg4	6.81
100s/50s4	0/0
top score4	24*
deliveries4	3686
wickets4	71
bowl avg4	29.39
fivefor4	1
tenfor4	n/a
best bowling4	5/30
catches/stumpings4	21/–
date	23 January
year	2009
source	http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1290/1290.html CricketArchive }}

Bishan Singh Bedi (sometimes spelt as Bishen Singh Bedi) (born 25 September 1946) is a former Indian cricketer who was primarily a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. He played Test cricket for India from 1966 to 1979 and formed part of the famous Indian spin quartet. He also captained the national side in 22 Test matches. Bedi is also famous for always wearing a colourful patka and his outspoken and forthright views on cricketing matters.

Playing career

In Indian domestic cricket, Bedi first played for Northern Punjab when only fifteen, having taking up cricket only two years previously, a particularly late age for this sport. He moved to Delhi in 1968–69 and in the 1974–75 season of the Ranji Trophy, he took a record 64 wickets. Bedi also represented Northamptonshire in English county cricket for many years. He finished his career with 1560 wickets in first-class cricket — more than any other Indian.

His bowling has been described as graceful, even beautiful, and full of guile and artistry. He was at expert in flighting the ball, and was capable of making it hold it back or hurry forward and added subtle variations of spin. His action was so relaxed and co-ordinated that he was able to bowl all day with rhythm and control, a great asset to any captain. He had several very successful Test series:

India vs Australia 1969–70: 21 wickets at 20.57

India vs England 1972–73: 25 wickets at 25.28

India in the West Indies: 18 wickets at 25.33

India vs New Zealand 1976–77: 22 wickets at 13.18

India vs England 1976–77: 25 wickets at 22.96

India in Australia 1977–78: 31 wickets at 23.87

His best Test bowling was 7/98 against Australia at Calcutta in 1969–70, and his best match figures 10/194 at Perth in 1978–79, also against Australia. His best first class bowling was 7/5 for Delhi vs Jammu and Kashmir at New Delhi 1974–75. Although his batting was poor he hit a boundary off the second last ball in the Gillette Cup Semi Final for Northamptonshire vs Hampshire, winning the match by two wickets. His highest score of 50 not out, his only half century at Test level, was scored against New Zealand in Kanpur in 1976.

Bedi was appointed captain of India in 1976 succeeding Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi. His first Test victory as captain was against the West Indies at Port-of-Spain in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series in which India scored a then-record 406 in the fourth innings. This was followed up by a 2–0 series victory over New Zealand at home. However, after successive Test series losses to England (3–1 at home), Australia (3–2 away) and Pakistan (2–0 away), he was replaced as captain by Sunil Gavaskar.

In 2008, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack named Bedi as one of the five best cricketers to have not been selected as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year.

He said that he has always washed his own clothes, calling it "the best exercise for your shoulders and fingers", when pointing out that spin bowling requires suppleness of limbs

Controversy

As captain of India, Bedi's personality inevitably led to some controversies.

Following India's record-breaking run-chase in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series against the West Indies, the West Indies opted for an aggressive four-man fast bowler attack for the 4th Test. Bedi objected to their tactics, which he regarded as intimidatory, and declared the Indian first innings closed early after two players were forced to retire hurt. Subsequently, five players were absent hurt in the second innings of the match.

Vaseline incident - In England's tour of India in 1976–77 he accused John Lever of using Vaseline to illegally polish the ball in the Third Test at Madras. Lever wore Vaseline strips on his forehead to keep the sweat out of his eyes, but was subsequently cleared of any wrong-doing.

In November 1978, he became the first captain to concede an international cricket match. In a One Day International against Pakistan at Sahiwal, India, with 8 wickets in hand, only required 23 runs from 14 balls. Bedi, however, recalled the batsmen from the crease and conceded the match in protest at the bowling of Sarfraz Nawaz who had bowled 4 bouncers in succession with not one being called wide by the umpires.

Coaching

In 1990, he had a brief stint as coach of the Indian national team. He was the first person to be appointed to this job in a full-time capacity. Following one cricket tour where India had played poorly, he threatened to dump the entire team in the sea on the return journey.

Opinions on modern day cricket

Bedi has expressed strong opinions on many aspects of modern day cricket and has been described as "rarely afraid to speak his mind". In particular, he is a vehement critic of the bowling action of Muttiah Muralitharan ("if Murali doesn't chuck, then show me how to bowl" ) which he bluntly refers to as cheating and likens to a javelin throw and more recently, shot putting, saying that Muralitharan "will complete 1000 Test wickets but they would count as mere run-outs in my eyes". He takes a very dim view of chucking, which he calls "a bigger threat than bribing and betting" and claimed in 2004 that many bowlers on the subcontinent chuck, calling Muralitharan a "Sri Lankan bandit closing in on a dream artist called Shane Warne". He has stated, though, that he has nothing personal against Muralitharan, although Muralitharan has threatened to sue him. Recently he has echoed the same criticisms against his countryman, Harbhajan Singh. Regarding suspect actions in cricket, he said "When a bowler is chucking, he's referred to panels and the home cricket board. Why not do the same for a wide or no-ball, then?". He has accused one-day cricket, modern cricket bats and small grounds of causing a decline in classical spin bowling in India.

He has also attacked Sunil Gavaskar, calling him "a destructive influence". He said to Australian coach John Buchanan "Tell us, John, have you made this Australian team great, or have they made you?"

More recently, Bedi has referred to T20 cricket as "the most vulgar expression of cricket".

Personal life

His son, Angad Bedi played cricket up to Under-19 level for Delhi before taking up a career in modelling and acting.

References

External links

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Indian Sikhs Category:Delhi cricketers Category:North Zone cricketers Category:Northamptonshire cricketers Category:India One Day International cricketers Category:India Test cricketers Category:Indian cricket captains Category:Indian Test captains Category:World Cup cricketers of India Category:Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup Category:Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup Category:People from Amritsar Category:Coaches of the Indian national cricket team Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri Category:International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award

hi:बिशन सिंह बेदी kn:ಬಿಶನ್‌ ಸಿಂಗ್‌ ಬೇಡಿ ml:ബിഷൻ സിംഗ് ബേദി mr:बिशनसिंग बेदी ta:பிசன் சிங் பேடி

name	Ajay Maken
birth date	January 12, 1964
birth place	Delhi
residence	New Delhi
constituency	New Delhi
office	MP
party	INC
spouse	Radhika Maken
children	1 son and 2 daughters
date	September 16 |
year	2006 |
source	http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode4075 }}

Ajay Makan (born 12 January 1964) is the current Sports minister and member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the New Delhi constituency of Delhi and is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party.

Political career

Ajay Maken, was elected the President of Delhi University Students Union (DUSU) in 1985, having the rare honor of being the only B.Sc Chemistry(Hons)- Final Year student to serve this post.

His grandfather, Shri. O.P. Maken, was a freedom fighter and his uncle Mr. Lalit Maken was a popular trade union leader. Ajay Maken was subsequently was elected as the President of Delhi Transport Corporation Trade Union.

===Positions Held===

1/1/1993 Member, Delhi Legislative Assembly (three terms)

1/2/1993 General Secretary, Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee

1/1/1997 General Secretary, Indian Youth Congress

1/1/1999 Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister, Govt. of Delhi

1/1/2001 Cabinet Minister, Transport, Power and Tourism, Govt. of Delhi

1/1/2003 Speaker, Delhi Legislative Assembly

1/1/2004 Elected to 14th Lok Sabha

1/2/2004 Member, General Purposes Committee

1/3/2004 Member, Rules Committee

1/4/2004 Member, Committee on Information Technology

1/5/2004 Member, House Committee

1/6/2004 Member, Panel of Chairmen, Lok Sabha

1/7/2004 Secretary, All India Congress Committee (AICC)

1/1/2006 Union Minister of State, Urban Development

1/1/2007 Permanent Invitee and Member, Congress Working Committee (CWC)

1/2/2007 Permanent Invitee and Member, All India Congress Committee (AICC)

1/3/2007 Incharge, Orissa and Jharkhand

1/1/2009 Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (2nd term)

1/2/2009 Union Minister of State, Home Affairs

1/1/2011 Union Minister of State, (Independent Charge) Youth Affairs and Sports

Delhi Constituency

Mr. Ajay Maken has been elected a Member of Legislative Assembly from the Delhi constituency, for three consecutive terms. One of the 14 wins (of 70 candidates fielded) by the Congress(I).

1993. Won by a margin of 4,000 votes. (More than 50% of total votes polled.). One of the 14 winning candidates (of the 70 fielded) by the Congress(I).

1998. Won by a margin of 20,000 votes (70% of the total votes polled.) The Congress(I) took charge of the Delhi Legislature. Mr. Maken received his first appointment in the Delhi administration.

2003. Won by a margin of 24,000 votes. Appointed the Speaker of Legislative Assembly of Delhi, at age 39. (India's youngest Speaker in a State Assembly).

Delhi State Assembly

1999. He became the Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister. Shri. Sheila Dikshit, chief minister appoint him as her principal troubleshooter and consul.

2001. Appointed Transport, Power and Tourism Minister. He implemented the CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) based Public Transport System in Delhi. He is credited with the privatization of the electricity distribution in Delhi.

In 2004 he was appointed the Speaker of Legislative Assembly of Delhi, at age 39. (India's youngest Speaker in a State Assembly).

Lok Sabha

2004. Mr. Maken represents the Congress(I) in the elections for the New Delhi constituency. Becomes a Member of Parliament after defeating the BJP candidate, a sitting Cabinet Minister Jagmohan from the prestigious New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency. Long a BJP stronghold, the constituency had elected BJP stalwarts, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L.K.Advani.

2006-2009. Held the independent portfolios as the Minister of State and the Minister of Urban Development. Therefore, the youngest minister in the Congress(I), to be sworn in the Council of Ministers in Indian Government. Played a key role in finalising the Master Plan for New Delhi.

2007. Appointed a permanent invitee to the Working Committee of AICC. He was entrusted with the responsibility of the states, Orissa and Jharkhand.

In the General Elections for the 15th Lok Sabha (Parliament), Ajay Maken contested and secured 455,867 votes. Winning by a record margin of 187,809 votes from the New Delhi Parliamentary constituency.

2009. Appointed the Minister of State for Home Affairs. Entrusted with countering left wing extremism, raising of additional police battalions, and establishment of a national human rights division.

2011. Appointed the Minister for Sports and Youth Affairs after the debacle Commonwealth Games, replacing Mr. M S Gill in a cabinet reshuffle by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

Sports Bill 2011 / RTI in Sports

The Sports bill has been introduced by the Sports Minister with the aim to bring in overall transparency and Administrative reforms in sports. Few aspects of the bill which deal with the Tenure, age and other aspects of related for National Sports bodies have eclipsed the other very significant aspects of the bill. The bill covers important aspects which would overall improve and encourage the sportspersons and make the sports bodies more accountable and transparent, such as to have penal provisions for unethical practises in sports which cover sexual harassment, doping, age fraud.

Measures like asking the federations to mandatorily place various reports, including their audited accounts, in public domain through their web-sites are designed to ensure that accountability.

The bill has picked up accepted norms being followed by other countries, national international federations. The US introduced the Ted Stevens Olympic & Amateur Sports Act in 1978, France has the Associations Law of 1 July 1901, even Sri Lanka has Sri Lanka Sports Law of 1973 (amended in 1993, 1998 and 2005).

But there is an even bigger issue which has been overlooked in the whole debate.It would be interesting to see if the federations and sports bodies come under the RTI ACT. Now, this draft Bill was actually an enabling provision which would have made National Sports Federations more autonomous without any interference by the government in their functioning.

Personal life

Ajay Maken is married to Radhika and has three children, Aarushi, Ahana and Aujaswi.

References

External links

Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

Category:15th Lok Sabha members Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Indian politicians Category:Indian trade unionists Category:Indian National Congress politicians Category:14th Lok Sabha members Category:State Ministers of India Category:Presidents of DUSU Category:University of Delhi alumni

ml:അജയ് മാക്കൻ